Dear Sir,
Our core business is providing training to every employee of our services. Some training in the technique. However, our coach hadhold less than the required training . We learn that your institution has a coach who is very proficient in the technical field and eager to get your help.
Please send us fifty coaches whose expertise is the study of engineering, industrial engineering, exactly, to hold our next program to be run on the 10th febuary
Your willingness to send a coach will mean much to me.
Sincerely,
tommy kuncara
Rabu, 12 Januari 2011
Sabtu, 01 Januari 2011
tugas b.inggris bisnis 3 tentang request letter
-message: materi of the seminar
JOIN Ventures
Joint ventures can be done in various forms (forms) and structures (structures). Under SFAS No. 12, only managed two common types of joint ventures, which together control the operation (jointly controlled operation), and joint control of assets (jointly controlled assets), which generally meet the definition of joint ventures.
1. General characteristics of joint ventures
a. Two or more venturers are bound by a contractual agreement (contractual arrangement); and
b. The contractual arrangement creating joint control (joint control).
Although a legal entity jointly controlled entity (jointly controlled entity) meets the definition of joint ventures, but the accounting treatment for the venturers and investors are set out in SFAS No.12.
2. Contractual Agreements (contractual arrangement)
The existence of a contractual agreement to distinguish joint ventures with investment in an associate that the investor has significant influence (see SFAS No. 15 on Accounting for Investments in Associates). Activities that are not accompanied by a contractual agreement that created the joint control (joint control) is not a joint venture under SFAS No. 12.
Contractual agreement can be expressed in various ways, eg by a contract between the venturers or minutes of meetings between the venturers. Whatever its form, usually written contractual agreement and set certain things such as:
a. activity, duration and reporting obligations of the joint ventures;
b. appointment of the joint venture board and voting rights of the venturers;
c. financial participation of each venturer;
d. how the distribution of output, income, expenses or results of operations of joint ventures to the venturers.
The agreement creates a contractual joint control of joint ventures. These requirements requires that no single venturer is able to control its own activity. The agreement covers the important decisions that require approval from the venturers and decision making enough to get the approval of a majority of the venturers.
The contractual arrangement may identify one venturer as the operator or manager of the joint venture. The operator does not control the joint venture, but carry out financial and operating policies that have been agreed by the venturers in accordance with contractual agreements.
3. Jointly Controlled Operations (Jointly Controled Operation)
In Control of Joint Operations (PBO) of the joint venture include the utilization of assets and other resources of the venturers and does not require the formation of a limited liability company, firm, or other business entity or a financial management regardless of the venture. Each venturer uses its fixed assets, and manage their own inventory. Each venturer also bear the expenditure, completing its obligations and seek sources of funding for the activities themselves. Joint venture activities can be performed by employees venturers who also perform other activities of the venturers themselves. Joint venture agreement usually regulate how the division of revenue from product sales together (joint product) and burden sharing with others what happened.
An example of a PBO is when two or more venturers combine operations, resources and expertise in order to produce, market and distribute it together with a certain product, such as aircraft.The production process of certain aircraft components made by each venturer. Each venturer bear its own cost and get a portion of the sale of aircraft in accordance with the way the division agreed in the contractual agreement.
In connection with the participation of (interest) on PBO venturers, each venturer recorded and presented in its financial statements each:
a. controlled its own assets and liabilities arising from its own activities; and
b. expenses (expenses) incurred on its own activities and share (its share) on revenue, with sales of goods and services by the joint venture.
Separate financial report for the joint venture must be prepared if the amount of materials and completed cooperation projects in the long term. Type, form and content of financial reports tailored to the needs of venturers and contractual agreements.
4. Jointly Controlled Assets (Jointly Controlled Assets)
The Joint Asset Control (PBA), the control joint venturers and joint ownership of one or more of the assets given by the venturers, or purchased for use in conducting the joint venture.Assets are used to generate profits for the venturers. Each venturer may take a share (its share) of the output generated by these assets and each of them bears its share of the expenses incurred.
In the implementation of joint ventures of this kind; not need to set up a limited liability company, firm, or part of another business. Each of the venturers to enjoy its share of the utilization of that asset in the future through its share of joint control of the asset.
Many activities in the mining industry of oil, gas and minerals that are carried out through the PBA, for example, some oil companies to control and operate with the oil channel (oil pipeline). Each venturer uses the channel to transport its products and to bear its share of operating expenses in proportion to the channel that has been approved. Another example of joint control of assets is when two companies together control a property, each venturer a share on rental income and to bear its share of the expenses incurred.
In connection with the participation of (interest) venturers in the joint control of assets, each venturer recorded and presented in its financial statements each:
a. part (share) of jointly controlled assets, classified according to the nature of the asset, not as an investment. For example, the share of oil channels are classified as fixed assets.
b. any liability that becomes its own account, for example the use of bank loans to finance its participation in joint ventures;
c. part (share) of any joint liability are equally shared by the venturers in connection with joint ventures;
d. part (share) for the joint venture output, and its share of joint expenses that occur in the joint venture; and
e. dependents own expenses in connection with its participation in joint ventures, such as interest on bank loans used to finance its participation in joint ventures.
PBA accounting treatment reflects the substance and economic reality and shape of a formal joint venture. Separate books of accounts for the joint venture can be limited for example on joint loads that occur which ultimately must be shared by the venturers in accordance with the agreed division. Separate financial report must be prepared for the joint venture if the amount of materials and completed cooperation projects in the long term. Type, form and content of financial reports tailored to the needs of venturers and contractual agreements.
5. Transactions between venturers and joint ventures
If the venturers deliver or sell an asset to the joint venture, recognition of gain or loss should reflect the substance of the transaction. If assets are still in control of joint ventures, and the venturer has transferred the significant risks and rewards of the assets, the venturer is only recognized a gain on sale of the participation (interest) other venturers. Venturers have to admit the entire loss if the result of the transfer or sale of these assets there is evidence of decline in net realizable value (net realisable value) or a decrease in current assets which are not temporary (or other temporary Than) the carrying amount (carrying amount) long-term assets.
If the venturers to purchase the assets of a joint venture, venturers may not recognize a good portion of the gain or loss from this transaction the joint venture until the asset is sold by the venturers to other parties who are independent. If the result of the purchase of these assets there is evidence that a decline in net realizable value (net realisable value) or a decrease in current assets which are not temporary (or other temporary Than) the carrying amount (carrying amount} long-term assets, the venturer should recognize immediately the share of such losses .
6. Reporting Section Participation (Interest) in the Investors Financial reports
Section participation (interest) in a joint venture investor, who did not join a joint control, treated in accordance with SFAS No. 13 on Accounting for Investments, or if the investor has significant influence are treated in accordance with SFAS No. 15 on Accounting for Investments in Associates.
7. Joint venture operator
One or more venturers may act as an operator or manager of a joint venture. The operator usually paid a reward (management fee) for the implementation task. These benefits are accounted joint venture as an expense and instead recognized by operators as income in accordance with SFAS No. 23 on Revenue.
8. Disclosure
Venturer should disclose the aggregate amount of these contingencies, separate from other contingencies of venturers:
a. any contingencies that arise from the participation (interest) venturers in the joint venture and its share of the contingencies arising from actions carried out jointly with other venturers;
b. share of contingencies if the venturers in the joint venture is partially responsible for such contingencies; and
c. contingencies that arise because the venturer venturers share in the liabilities of another.
Venturer should disclose the aggregate amount of these commitments, apart from the other commitments of the venturer:
a. commitment of capital / financial venturers in relation to the participation (interest) in the joint venture and deposit or capital that has been done in joint ventures;
b. the share of capital commitments / finance made by the joint venture.
For users of financial statements venturers gain a clear understanding of their activities; venturer should disclose a list and description of the participation (interest) is significant at the joint venture.
Joint ventures can be done in various forms (forms) and structures (structures). Under SFAS No. 12, only managed two common types of joint ventures, which together control the operation (jointly controlled operation), and joint control of assets (jointly controlled assets), which generally meet the definition of joint ventures.
1. General characteristics of joint ventures
a. Two or more venturers are bound by a contractual agreement (contractual arrangement); and
b. The contractual arrangement creating joint control (joint control).
Although a legal entity jointly controlled entity (jointly controlled entity) meets the definition of joint ventures, but the accounting treatment for the venturers and investors are set out in SFAS No.12.
2. Contractual Agreements (contractual arrangement)
The existence of a contractual agreement to distinguish joint ventures with investment in an associate that the investor has significant influence (see SFAS No. 15 on Accounting for Investments in Associates). Activities that are not accompanied by a contractual agreement that created the joint control (joint control) is not a joint venture under SFAS No. 12.
Contractual agreement can be expressed in various ways, eg by a contract between the venturers or minutes of meetings between the venturers. Whatever its form, usually written contractual agreement and set certain things such as:
a. activity, duration and reporting obligations of the joint ventures;
b. appointment of the joint venture board and voting rights of the venturers;
c. financial participation of each venturer;
d. how the distribution of output, income, expenses or results of operations of joint ventures to the venturers.
The agreement creates a contractual joint control of joint ventures. These requirements requires that no single venturer is able to control its own activity. The agreement covers the important decisions that require approval from the venturers and decision making enough to get the approval of a majority of the venturers.
The contractual arrangement may identify one venturer as the operator or manager of the joint venture. The operator does not control the joint venture, but carry out financial and operating policies that have been agreed by the venturers in accordance with contractual agreements.
3. Jointly Controlled Operations (Jointly Controled Operation)
In Control of Joint Operations (PBO) of the joint venture include the utilization of assets and other resources of the venturers and does not require the formation of a limited liability company, firm, or other business entity or a financial management regardless of the venture. Each venturer uses its fixed assets, and manage their own inventory. Each venturer also bear the expenditure, completing its obligations and seek sources of funding for the activities themselves. Joint venture activities can be performed by employees venturers who also perform other activities of the venturers themselves. Joint venture agreement usually regulate how the division of revenue from product sales together (joint product) and burden sharing with others what happened.
An example of a PBO is when two or more venturers combine operations, resources and expertise in order to produce, market and distribute it together with a certain product, such as aircraft.The production process of certain aircraft components made by each venturer. Each venturer bear its own cost and get a portion of the sale of aircraft in accordance with the way the division agreed in the contractual agreement.
In connection with the participation of (interest) on PBO venturers, each venturer recorded and presented in its financial statements each:
a. controlled its own assets and liabilities arising from its own activities; and
b. expenses (expenses) incurred on its own activities and share (its share) on revenue, with sales of goods and services by the joint venture.
Separate financial report for the joint venture must be prepared if the amount of materials and completed cooperation projects in the long term. Type, form and content of financial reports tailored to the needs of venturers and contractual agreements.
4. Jointly Controlled Assets (Jointly Controlled Assets)
The Joint Asset Control (PBA), the control joint venturers and joint ownership of one or more of the assets given by the venturers, or purchased for use in conducting the joint venture.Assets are used to generate profits for the venturers. Each venturer may take a share (its share) of the output generated by these assets and each of them bears its share of the expenses incurred.
In the implementation of joint ventures of this kind; not need to set up a limited liability company, firm, or part of another business. Each of the venturers to enjoy its share of the utilization of that asset in the future through its share of joint control of the asset.
Many activities in the mining industry of oil, gas and minerals that are carried out through the PBA, for example, some oil companies to control and operate with the oil channel (oil pipeline). Each venturer uses the channel to transport its products and to bear its share of operating expenses in proportion to the channel that has been approved. Another example of joint control of assets is when two companies together control a property, each venturer a share on rental income and to bear its share of the expenses incurred.
In connection with the participation of (interest) venturers in the joint control of assets, each venturer recorded and presented in its financial statements each:
a. part (share) of jointly controlled assets, classified according to the nature of the asset, not as an investment. For example, the share of oil channels are classified as fixed assets.
b. any liability that becomes its own account, for example the use of bank loans to finance its participation in joint ventures;
c. part (share) of any joint liability are equally shared by the venturers in connection with joint ventures;
d. part (share) for the joint venture output, and its share of joint expenses that occur in the joint venture; and
e. dependents own expenses in connection with its participation in joint ventures, such as interest on bank loans used to finance its participation in joint ventures.
PBA accounting treatment reflects the substance and economic reality and shape of a formal joint venture. Separate books of accounts for the joint venture can be limited for example on joint loads that occur which ultimately must be shared by the venturers in accordance with the agreed division. Separate financial report must be prepared for the joint venture if the amount of materials and completed cooperation projects in the long term. Type, form and content of financial reports tailored to the needs of venturers and contractual agreements.
5. Transactions between venturers and joint ventures
If the venturers deliver or sell an asset to the joint venture, recognition of gain or loss should reflect the substance of the transaction. If assets are still in control of joint ventures, and the venturer has transferred the significant risks and rewards of the assets, the venturer is only recognized a gain on sale of the participation (interest) other venturers. Venturers have to admit the entire loss if the result of the transfer or sale of these assets there is evidence of decline in net realizable value (net realisable value) or a decrease in current assets which are not temporary (or other temporary Than) the carrying amount (carrying amount) long-term assets.
If the venturers to purchase the assets of a joint venture, venturers may not recognize a good portion of the gain or loss from this transaction the joint venture until the asset is sold by the venturers to other parties who are independent. If the result of the purchase of these assets there is evidence that a decline in net realizable value (net realisable value) or a decrease in current assets which are not temporary (or other temporary Than) the carrying amount (carrying amount} long-term assets, the venturer should recognize immediately the share of such losses .
6. Reporting Section Participation (Interest) in the Investors Financial reports
Section participation (interest) in a joint venture investor, who did not join a joint control, treated in accordance with SFAS No. 13 on Accounting for Investments, or if the investor has significant influence are treated in accordance with SFAS No. 15 on Accounting for Investments in Associates.
7. Joint venture operator
One or more venturers may act as an operator or manager of a joint venture. The operator usually paid a reward (management fee) for the implementation task. These benefits are accounted joint venture as an expense and instead recognized by operators as income in accordance with SFAS No. 23 on Revenue.
8. Disclosure
Venturer should disclose the aggregate amount of these contingencies, separate from other contingencies of venturers:
a. any contingencies that arise from the participation (interest) venturers in the joint venture and its share of the contingencies arising from actions carried out jointly with other venturers;
b. share of contingencies if the venturers in the joint venture is partially responsible for such contingencies; and
c. contingencies that arise because the venturer venturers share in the liabilities of another.
Venturer should disclose the aggregate amount of these commitments, apart from the other commitments of the venturer:
a. commitment of capital / financial venturers in relation to the participation (interest) in the joint venture and deposit or capital that has been done in joint ventures;
b. the share of capital commitments / finance made by the joint venture.
For users of financial statements venturers gain a clear understanding of their activities; venturer should disclose a list and description of the participation (interest) is significant at the joint venture.
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